Apple chemie

The natural earth track cannot withstand modern heavy traffic loads very satisfactorily because it lacks in strength and good riding surface. It is therefore, important to construct some structure in the form of pavements on the top of natural surface to enable it to support wheel load safety and to provide a good riding surface for a longer period. So properly constructed and maintained roads reduce the wear and tear of vehicles and also increase the speed of transportation. Therefore the construction of roads should be done properly according to the specification. 1. Construction of Earth Roads First of all sub-grade is prepared all the road surface is brought to the required camber and gradient. ·          Then the surface is rolled properly and well wetted with water. ·          Then a layer of about 10 cm thickness of graded soil is spread evenly. ·          This layer of soil is rolled at optimum moisture content first with suitable roller and then finished w

Road consist of basically 4 layers: Sub-grade: The sub-grade material should be clean and free from organic matter and should be able to be compacted by roller, to form stable sub-base. The material should have the following characteristics: ·          Well graded, uniformity coefficient (D60/D10) should not be less than 3. ·          Fraction passing sieve #200 shall not be greater than 2/3rd of the fraction passing sieve #40. ·          Should have a L.L not greater than 25%. ·          P.I not greater than 6 ·          CBR should not be less than 25. ·          In coarse grain, aggregate retained by #10 sieve, %age of wear shall not be greater than 5%. ·          The maximum dia of any particle shall not be greater than 2/3rd of the layer thickness of sub-base Typical particle size distribution for the sub-base (granular) which will the meet strength requirements are: 2.Sub-base Course: ·          It is layer of granular mat

Super plasticiszers are high range water reducers and they reduce water requirement of concrete up-to an extent of 30 percent. They are used to produce self levelling, self compacting and high strength concrete Dosage may be limited to 0.5 to 3% by weight of cement. Action of superplasticizers : 1)Dispersion : Portland cement being in the state of division, have a tendency to flocculate in wet concrete. It entraps certain amount of water used in mix and thereby water is not available to fluidy the mix. When superplasticizers are added the get absorbed on the cement particle. Adsorption of charged polymer on particles of cement create and particle to particle repulsive force which overcome the attractive forces. This repulsive force is called as ZETA Potential. Overall result is that the cement particles are deflocculated and dispersed hence the water trapped inside flocc get a released and is now available to fludify the mix. 2) Retarding effect : superplasticize

Concrete plasticizer which is commonly known as water reducing admixture amongst professionals is used for improving workability of concrete. The strength of concrete is a major function of water cement ratio. Higher the amount of water in fresh concrete, the less the strength we will get.1 % increase in water cement ratio reduces strength of concrete by 5%. Normally there is a tendency amongst workers to add more water as it makes concrete workable during construction, so casting of concrete can be done easily by the workers. If excess amount of water is added during construction, then homogeneity of the concrete mix decreases. This can lead to segregation or bleeding of concrete. Concrete plasticizers increases the workability of freshly mixed concrete without increasing the water cement ratio. Concrete plasticizers are added in concrete in amount of 0.1 % to 0.4 % by weight of cement. Addition of these doses reduces 5 to 15% of water requirement in the concrete mix with

Whether you intend to transform your Raleigh garage into a showroom or you just want to revamp its look, you need the right kind of flooring. One that is safe, aesthetically appealing, hygienic, easy to clean, durable and can withstand heavy traffic. If you are looking for such a floor, then it’s high time you switch from the conventional flooring options and embrace the highly efficient epoxy coating. What is Epoxy Floor Coating? Contrary to popular misconception, epoxy flooring layer is not your ordinary paint. Rather, it is a thermosetting resin, formed by mixing epoxide resin and a polyamine hardener. When these two ingredients mix, an exothermic chemical curing reaction takes place. It is this process that gives the epoxy its stunning thick finish. Besides the alluring look, there are many benefits of having an epoxy flooring. They include: Easy Installation and Maintenance One of the advantages of an epoxy coat is that it is relatively easy to install. In fact,

Epoxy floors and epoxy coatings are becoming increasingly popular for use as commercial and industrial flooring. There are a number of different types of epoxy coatings that can be used on floors including self-leveling epoxy coatings, self-dispersing epoxy coatings, mortar epoxy coatings, graveled epoxy coatings, epoxy terrazzo coatings, epoxy antistatic coatings, and vapor barrier epoxy coatings. Each of these types of epoxy coatings offers distinct advantages and disadvantages when compared to the others. Epoxy Coating Choices for Flooring: Self-Dispersing Epoxy Coatings for Floors: This type of epoxy coating is commonly used in areas that receive frequent forklift or heavy truck traffic as it has very good mechanical strength. Another type of this durable epoxy coating is self-dispersing epoxy with quartz sand. This type of epoxy coating is commonly used in food processing industries or other locations where liquids are present because it has good anti-slip characteris

Quantity of cement mortar is required for rate analysis of brickwork and plaster or estimation of masonry work for a building or structure. Cement mortar is used in various proportions, i.e. 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 etc. Calculation of quantity of cement mortar in brickwork and plaster: For the calculation of cement mortar, let us assume that we use 1m 3  of cement mortar. Procedure for calculation is: 1. Calculate the dry volume of materials required for 1m 3  cement mortar. Considering voids in sands, we assume that materials consists of 60% voids. That is, for 1m 3  of wet cement mortar, 1.6m 3  of materials are required. 2. Now we calculate the volume of materials used in cement mortar based on its proportions. Let’s say, the proportion of cement and sand in mortar is 1:X, where X is the volume of sand required. http://www.applechemie.com/

A plate girder is a built up I-beam section, used to carry heavy loads which cannot be carried economically by rolled I-sections. It is made by riveting or welding the steel plates in I-beam shape. Components of a typical Plate girder and their functions are discussed in this article. Components of Plate Girder The components of typical plate girder are as follows : ·          Web ·          Flanges ·          Stiffeners 1. Web The deep central vertical plate is called as a web in plate girder. It separates the two flange plates by a required distance. Web is responsible to resist shear developed in the plate girder. Web and Flange Plates of Plate Girder 2. Flanges Flanges or flange plates are horizontal elements of plate girder which are provided at the top and bottom and they are separated by the web. The main purpose of flange plates is to resist the bending moment acting on the girder. The top flange resists the bending moment by developi

The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipments often affects the required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a project. It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in construction. Construction Equipment’s for Excavation and Loading One family of construction machines used for excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovel as indicated by the variety of machines in Figure 1. The crane-shovel consists of three major components: ·          A carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine. ·          A revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control units. ·          A front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation. The type of mounting for all machines in Figure 1 is referred to as crawler mounting, which is particularl